Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Ron Messer. The Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning (referred as “Budgets Lies” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Budgeting.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning Case Study

Budgets are considered by many to be a necessary evil. Within organizations, budgets are used to allocate financial resources to individuals who are charged with managing funds. This allows them to accomplish corporate goals and objectives. When reviewing the differences between actual and planned spending for a number of cost centers evidenced in data covering a 4-year period, it was noted that favorable variances exceeded unfavorable ones more than 50% of the time, although probability suggests that favorable and unfavorable results are equally likely to occur. As budgets are only best guesses about the future, these results indicate that planned spending was intended to manage uncertainty. In other words, the budgets were intentionally misstated-that is, they were lies. This Executive Digest explores ways of uncovering these lies. The consequences of intentional misstatement of planned spending are serious. In such cases, financial resources are not only misallocated, but also allocated in a suboptimal way. This means that future borrowing costs may increase, important projects could be delayed, and necessary operating expenditures are not made.

Case Authors : Ron Messer

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Budgeting

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10022180)	-10022180	-	-
Year 1	3444345	-6577835	3444345	0.9434	3249382
Year 2	3980285	-2597550	7424630	0.89	3542439
Year 3	3936415	1338865	11361045	0.8396	3305090
Year 4	3227204	4566069	14588249	0.7921	2556248
TOTAL			14588249		12653159

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2630979

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Profitability Index
3. Internal Rate of Return
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Budgets Lies have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Budgets Lies shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Budgets Lies often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Budgets Lies needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10022180)	-10022180	-	-
Year 1	3444345	-6577835	3444345	0.8696	2995083
Year 2	3980285	-2597550	7424630	0.7561	3009667
Year 3	3936415	1338865	11361045	0.6575	2588257
Year 4	3227204	4566069	14588249	0.5718	1845164
TOTAL					10438171

The Net NPV after 4 years is 415991

(10438171 - 10022180 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10022180)	-10022180	-	-
Year 1	3444345	-6577835	3444345	0.8333	2870288
Year 2	3980285	-2597550	7424630	0.6944	2764087
Year 3	3936415	1338865	11361045	0.5787	2278018
Year 4	3227204	4566069	14588249	0.4823	1556329
TOTAL					9468721

The Net NPV after 4 years is -553459

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9468721 - 10022180 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Budgets Lies to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Budgets Lies has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Budgets Lies can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Budgets Lies, then the stock price of the Budgets Lies should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Budgets Lies should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning

References & Further Readings

Ron Messer (2018), "Budgets and Other Lies: Evidence of Bias in Financial Planning Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.