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Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization case study


At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Marina Apaydin, Dina Zaki, Farah Zahran. The Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization (referred as “Orascom Oth” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Global Business. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Business education, Competition, Mergers & acquisitions, Sustainability.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment






Case Description of Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization Case Study


Orascom Telecom Holding S.A.E. (OTH) was established in 1998 in Egypt and had grown exponentially to become one of the major players in the global telecommunications market. OTH was considered to be among the largest and most diversified network operators in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. Orascom Telecom Algeria (Djezzy) was launched in February 2002 and it grew to become the market leader in terms of both subscriber numbers as well as the quality of telecommunications services provided. Djezzy served more than 14.7 million subscribers on its network and had a 62.9 per cent market share. After the great success Orascom had realized in Algeria, Orascom wanted to further expand. The manager thought that India could also be a great opportunity in which Orascom could expand its business. In 2006, OTH agreed to acquire a 19.3 per cent stake in Hutchison (HTIL) to penetrate the Indian market. India was an excellent opportunity as there were strong complementary similarities between Orascom and Hutchinson Telecom: both were successful operators offering mobile services in countries with large populations and low penetration levels of telecommunications services. However, despite this appearing to be an excellent opportunity, Orascom was not able to complete this operation because it did not consider the expenses in an accurate way and many factors were ignored, concentrating only on the positive aspects.


Case Authors : Marina Apaydin, Dina Zaki, Farah Zahran

Topic : Global Business

Related Areas : Business education, Competition, Mergers & acquisitions, Sustainability




Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization Case Study


Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 6 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10014741) -10014741 - -
Year 1 3468072 -6546669 3468072 0.9434 3271766
Year 2 3968426 -2578243 7436498 0.89 3531885
Year 3 3967838 1389595 11404336 0.8396 3331473
Year 4 3238436 4628031 14642772 0.7921 2565145
TOTAL 14642772 12700269




The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2685528

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting


What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.




Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting


There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Orascom Oth shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.
2. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Orascom Oth have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.






Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Global Business Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Orascom Oth often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Orascom Oth needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.



Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 15 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10014741) -10014741 - -
Year 1 3468072 -6546669 3468072 0.8696 3015715
Year 2 3968426 -2578243 7436498 0.7561 3000700
Year 3 3967838 1389595 11404336 0.6575 2608918
Year 4 3238436 4628031 14642772 0.5718 1851586
TOTAL 10476919


The Net NPV after 4 years is 462178

(10476919 - 10014741 )








Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%


If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years              Cash Flow     Net Cash Flow     Cumulative    
Cash Flow
Discount Rate
@ 20 %
Discounted
Cash Flows
Year 0 (10014741) -10014741 - -
Year 1 3468072 -6546669 3468072 0.8333 2890060
Year 2 3968426 -2578243 7436498 0.6944 2755851
Year 3 3967838 1389595 11404336 0.5787 2296203
Year 4 3238436 4628031 14642772 0.4823 1561746
TOTAL 9503860


The Net NPV after 4 years is -510881

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9503860 - 10014741 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Orascom Oth to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.





Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Orascom Oth has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Orascom Oth can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Orascom Oth, then the stock price of the Orascom Oth should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Orascom Oth should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.






Negotiation Strategy of Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization

References & Further Readings

Marina Apaydin, Dina Zaki, Farah Zahran (2018), "Orascom Telecom: Risks of Internationalization Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.


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