Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Nicholas Bartlett, Debora L. Spar. The Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa (referred as “Aids Medicines” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Global Business. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Intellectual property, International business, Social responsibility.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa Case Study

In the final years of the 20th century, the world was hit by a plague of epidemic proportions--AIDS, a life-threatening disease that remained stubbornly immune to any cure or vaccine. In the developed nations of the West, AIDS was slowly brought under control through a combination of education, prevention, and cutting-edge medicines. But in the developing world, where health care expenditures were often paltry, AIDS continued to rampage. By the year 2000, 25 million people in Africa alone were infected with the disease. Millions had already died. Nearly all of the medicines that treated AIDS had been developed--at great expense--by the major western pharmaceutical firms. These medicines were expensive to produce and often difficult to administer. They demanded levels of income and structures of distribution that often were sorely lacking in the developing world. Increasingly, activist groups were demanding that the pharmaceutical companies respond to the AIDS epidemic with drastic measures, giving their drugs away for free or abandoning the patent rights that had long protected their intellectual property. The pharmaceutical firms needed to respond to their critics. The question was, how?

Case Authors : Nicholas Bartlett, Debora L. Spar

Topic : Global Business

Related Areas : Intellectual property, International business, Social responsibility

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025243)	-10025243	-	-
Year 1	3446841	-6578402	3446841	0.9434	3251737
Year 2	3971724	-2606678	7418565	0.89	3534820
Year 3	3942270	1335592	11360835	0.8396	3310006
Year 4	3232122	4567714	14592957	0.7921	2560143
TOTAL			14592957		12656706

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2631463

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Profitability Index
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Aids Medicines have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Aids Medicines shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Global Business Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Aids Medicines often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Aids Medicines needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025243)	-10025243	-	-
Year 1	3446841	-6578402	3446841	0.8696	2997253
Year 2	3971724	-2606678	7418565	0.7561	3003194
Year 3	3942270	1335592	11360835	0.6575	2592107
Year 4	3232122	4567714	14592957	0.5718	1847976
TOTAL					10440530

The Net NPV after 4 years is 415287

(10440530 - 10025243 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10025243)	-10025243	-	-
Year 1	3446841	-6578402	3446841	0.8333	2872368
Year 2	3971724	-2606678	7418565	0.6944	2758142
Year 3	3942270	1335592	11360835	0.5787	2281406
Year 4	3232122	4567714	14592957	0.4823	1558701
TOTAL					9470616

The Net NPV after 4 years is -554627

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9470616 - 10025243 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Aids Medicines to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Aids Medicines has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Aids Medicines can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Aids Medicines, then the stock price of the Aids Medicines should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Aids Medicines should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa

References & Further Readings

Nicholas Bartlett, Debora L. Spar (2018), "Life, Death, and Property Rights: The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.