Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Yiorgos Allayannis, Kayla Cartwright. The Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech (referred as “Fintech Opener” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Growth strategy.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech Case Study

The case examines the scope, history, and scale of the fintech industry, while also defining what fintech may be...and what it is not. The protagonist, management consultant Carolina Costa, is tasked to advise a client bank executive regarding alternative paths into fintech that he could choose. The material includes an overview of the fintech market, including analysis of entrants from start-up incubators, banks, and technology companies. The case figures and exhibits provide data to allow students to analyze the current market saturation and consumer needs in regard to fintech products. This case was designed for a second-year MBA elective course on financial institutions and markets but can also be taught in a first-year module on banking and financial institutions/financial landscape or as an opener to a core financial management course on strategic options, investment strategy, and value creation.

Case Authors : Yiorgos Allayannis, Kayla Cartwright

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Growth strategy

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012706)	-10012706	-	-
Year 1	3446382	-6566324	3446382	0.9434	3251304
Year 2	3976014	-2590310	7422396	0.89	3538638
Year 3	3942691	1352381	11365087	0.8396	3310359
Year 4	3229937	4582318	14595024	0.7921	2558413
TOTAL			14595024		12658714

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2646008

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Profitability Index
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Fintech Opener have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Fintech Opener shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Fintech Opener often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Fintech Opener needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012706)	-10012706	-	-
Year 1	3446382	-6566324	3446382	0.8696	2996854
Year 2	3976014	-2590310	7422396	0.7561	3006438
Year 3	3942691	1352381	11365087	0.6575	2592383
Year 4	3229937	4582318	14595024	0.5718	1846727
TOTAL					10442402

The Net NPV after 4 years is 429696

(10442402 - 10012706 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012706)	-10012706	-	-
Year 1	3446382	-6566324	3446382	0.8333	2871985
Year 2	3976014	-2590310	7422396	0.6944	2761121
Year 3	3942691	1352381	11365087	0.5787	2281650
Year 4	3229937	4582318	14595024	0.4823	1557647
TOTAL					9472403

The Net NPV after 4 years is -540303

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9472403 - 10012706 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Fintech Opener to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Fintech Opener has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Fintech Opener can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Fintech Opener, then the stock price of the Fintech Opener should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Fintech Opener should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech

References & Further Readings

Yiorgos Allayannis, Kayla Cartwright (2018), "Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.