The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A) case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Robert F. Bruner. The The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A) (referred as “Panic 1907” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, Financial management, Government.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A) Case Study

In June 1913, President Woodrow Wilson confronts a legislative deadlock over terms to define a new Federal Reserve Bank for the United States. The recent panic of 1907 triggered a major civic reaction that sought to dispense with a 100-year-old antipathy to central banking. Now, Wilson must decide how best to harness the civic reaction in framing a new central bank. Wilson's dilemma occurs in the midst of a dramatic regime shift in American politics. The rise of Populists and Progressive politicians in reaction to the rapid transformation of America in the Gilded Age marks 1913 as a historic pivot point. It is useful to consider how the panic of 1907 contributed to that pivot and how the public subsequently reacted to the panic. This case and its supplemental B case are a vehicle for illuminating the dynamics of financial crises, comparing systems for financial stability such as clearinghouse associations and central banks, considering the origin of the U.S. Federal Reserve System, and exploring the dynamics of government policy making in the context of a regime shift in political sentiment.

Case Authors : Robert F. Bruner

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : Financial management, Government

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A) Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10009219)	-10009219	-	-
Year 1	3471124	-6538095	3471124	0.9434	3274645
Year 2	3959387	-2578708	7430511	0.89	3523840
Year 3	3938186	1359478	11368697	0.8396	3306577
Year 4	3237037	4596515	14605734	0.7921	2564036
TOTAL			14605734		12669099

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2659880

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Profitability Index
4. Net Present Value

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Panic 1907 have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Panic 1907 shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Panic 1907 often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Panic 1907 needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10009219)	-10009219	-	-
Year 1	3471124	-6538095	3471124	0.8696	3018369
Year 2	3959387	-2578708	7430511	0.7561	2993865
Year 3	3938186	1359478	11368697	0.6575	2589421
Year 4	3237037	4596515	14605734	0.5718	1850786
TOTAL					10452442

The Net NPV after 4 years is 443223

(10452442 - 10009219 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10009219)	-10009219	-	-
Year 1	3471124	-6538095	3471124	0.8333	2892603
Year 2	3959387	-2578708	7430511	0.6944	2749574
Year 3	3938186	1359478	11368697	0.5787	2279043
Year 4	3237037	4596515	14605734	0.4823	1561071
TOTAL					9482292

The Net NPV after 4 years is -526927

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9482292 - 10009219 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Panic 1907 to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Panic 1907 has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Panic 1907 can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Panic 1907, then the stock price of the Panic 1907 should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Panic 1907 should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A)

References & Further Readings

Robert F. Bruner (2018), "The Panic of 1907 and the High Tide of Progressivism (A) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.