Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B) Net Present Value (NPV) / MBA Resources

Introduction to Net Present Value (NPV) - What is Net Present Value (NPV) ? How it impacts financial decisions regarding project management?

NPV solution for Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B) case study

At Oak Spring University, we provide corporate level professional Net Present Value (NPV) case study solution. Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B) case study is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study written by Ning Jia, Xuan Tian, Fei Meng. The Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B) (referred as “Jd Capital's” from here on) case study provides evaluation & decision scenario in field of Finance & Accounting. It also touches upon business topics such as - Value proposition, IPO.

The net present value (NPV) of an investment proposal is the present value of the proposal’s net cash flows less the proposal’s initial cash outflow. If a project’s NPV is greater than or equal to zero, the project should be accepted.

NPV = Present Value of Future Cash Flows LESS Project’s Initial Investment

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Case Description of Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B) Case Study

Established in 2007, JD Capital was able to quickly gain a strong foothold in the Chinese private equity (PE) market by massively investing in pre-IPO deals and taking advantage of the high valuation offered by the ChiNext Board. JD Capital has engaged in a "factory-style" operational model. The firm has approximately 60 branch locations across China with more than 300 employees, where each local office is responsible for local deal sourcing and for strengthening communications with local governments, banks, and securities firms. Chinese private equity market has experienced drastic changes since 2012. The issuance of new IPOs slowed down and was later suspended, the opportunities for exit have greatly narrowed, and the raised funds have rapidly decreased. JD Capital's early success had enabled it to obtain a large portfolio of deals, most of which are pre-IPO projects, the slowdown and suspension of IPOs imposed serious exit challenges. Can JD Capital's past investment strategy and business model continue to be effective? Is listing on the New OTC Board a lifesaving solution? As China's capital market has become more mature, how should JD Capital transform itself to stay competitive in the industry?

Case Authors : Ning Jia, Xuan Tian, Fei Meng

Topic : Finance & Accounting

Related Areas : IPO

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 6% for Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B) Case Study

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 6 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012150)	-10012150	-	-
Year 1	3452183	-6559967	3452183	0.9434	3256776
Year 2	3967249	-2592718	7419432	0.89	3530837
Year 3	3953663	1360945	11373095	0.8396	3319572
Year 4	3235646	4596591	14608741	0.7921	2562935
TOTAL			14608741		12670120

The Net Present Value at 6% discount rate is 2657970

In isolation the NPV number doesn't mean much but put in right context then it is one of the best method to evaluate project returns. In this article we will cover -

Different methods of capital budgeting

What is NPV & Formula of NPV,
How it is calculated,
How to use NPV number for project evaluation, and
Scenario Planning given risks and management priorities.

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Capital Budgeting Approaches

Methods of Capital Budgeting

There are four types of capital budgeting techniques that are widely used in the corporate world –

1. Payback Period
2. Internal Rate of Return
3. Net Present Value
4. Profitability Index

Apart from the Payback period method which is an additive method, rest of the methods are based on Discounted Cash Flow technique. Even though cash flow can be calculated based on the nature of the project, for the simplicity of the article we are assuming that all the expected cash flows are realized at the end of the year.

Discounted Cash Flow approaches provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. They take into consideration both –

1. Timing of the expected cash flows – stockholders of Jd Capital's have higher preference for cash returns over 4-5 years rather than 10-15 years given the nature of the volatility in the industry.
2. Magnitude of both incoming and outgoing cash flows – Projects can be capital intensive, time intensive, or both. Jd Capital's shareholders have preference for diversified projects investment rather than prospective high income from a single capital intensive project.

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Formula and Steps to Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) of Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B)

NPV = Net Cash In Flowt1 / (1+r)t1 + Net Cash In Flowt2 / (1+r)t2 + … Net Cash In Flowtn / (1+r)tn
Less Net Cash Out Flowt0 / (1+r)t0

Where t = time period, in this case year 1, year 2 and so on.
r = discount rate or return that could be earned using other safe proposition such as fixed deposit or treasury bond rate. Net Cash In Flow – What the firm will get each year.
Net Cash Out Flow – What the firm needs to invest initially in the project.

Step 1 – Understand the nature of the project and calculate cash flow for each year.
Step 2 – Discount those cash flow based on the discount rate.
Step 3 – Add all the discounted cash flow.
Step 4 – Selection of the project

Why Finance & Accounting Managers need to know Financial Tools such as Net Present Value (NPV)?

In our daily workplace we often come across people and colleagues who are just focused on their core competency and targets they have to deliver. For example marketing managers at Jd Capital's often design programs whose objective is to drive brand awareness and customer reach. But how that 30 point increase in brand awareness or 10 point increase in customer touch points will result into shareholders’ value is not specified.

To overcome such scenarios managers at Jd Capital's needs to not only know the financial aspect of project management but also needs to have tools to integrate them into part of the project development and monitoring plan.

Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 15%

After working through various assumptions we reached a conclusion that risk is far higher than 6%. In a reasonably stable industry with weak competition - 15% discount rate can be a good benchmark.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 15 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012150)	-10012150	-	-
Year 1	3452183	-6559967	3452183	0.8696	3001898
Year 2	3967249	-2592718	7419432	0.7561	2999810
Year 3	3953663	1360945	11373095	0.6575	2599598
Year 4	3235646	4596591	14608741	0.5718	1849991
TOTAL					10451297

The Net NPV after 4 years is 439147

(10451297 - 10012150 )

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Calculating Net Present Value (NPV) at 20%

If the risk component is high in the industry then we should go for a higher hurdle rate / discount rate of 20%.

Years	Cash Flow	Net Cash Flow	Cumulative     Cash Flow	Discount Rate @ 20 %	Discounted Cash Flows
Year 0	(10012150)	-10012150	-	-
Year 1	3452183	-6559967	3452183	0.8333	2876819
Year 2	3967249	-2592718	7419432	0.6944	2755034
Year 3	3953663	1360945	11373095	0.5787	2287999
Year 4	3235646	4596591	14608741	0.4823	1560400
TOTAL					9480253

The Net NPV after 4 years is -531897

At 20% discount rate the NPV is negative (9480253 - 10012150 ) so ideally we can't select the project if macro and micro factors don't allow financial managers of Jd Capital's to discount cash flow at lower discount rates such as 15%.

Acceptance Criteria of a Project based on NPV

Simplest Approach – If the investment project of Jd Capital's has a NPV value higher than Zero then finance managers at Jd Capital's can ACCEPT the project, otherwise they can reject the project. This means that project will deliver higher returns over the period of time than any alternate investment strategy.

In theory if the required rate of return or discount rate is chosen correctly by finance managers at Jd Capital's, then the stock price of the Jd Capital's should change by same amount of the NPV. In real world we know that share price also reflects various other factors that can be related to both macro and micro environment.

In the same vein – accepting the project with zero NPV should result in stagnant share price. Finance managers use discount rates as a measure of risk components in the project execution process.

Sensitivity Analysis

Project selection is often a far more complex decision than just choosing it based on the NPV number. Finance managers at Jd Capital's should conduct a sensitivity analysis to better understand not only the inherent risk of the projects but also how those risks can be either factored in or mitigated during the project execution. Sensitivity analysis helps in –

Understanding of risks involved in the project.

What will be a multi year spillover effect of various taxation regulations.

What are the key aspects of the projects that need to be monitored, refined, and retuned for continuous delivery of projected cash flows.

What are the uncertainties surrounding the project Initial Cash Outlay (ICO’s). ICO’s often have several different components such as land, machinery, building, and other equipment.

What can impact the cash flow of the project.

Some of the assumptions while using the Discounted Cash Flow Methods –

Projects are assumed to be Mutually Exclusive – This is seldom the came in modern day giant organizations where projects are often inter-related and rejecting a project solely based on NPV can result in sunk cost from a related project.

Independent projects have independent cash flows – As explained in the marketing project – though the project may look independent but in reality it is not as the brand awareness project can be closely associated with the spending on sales promotions and product specific advertising.

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Negotiation Strategy of Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B)

References & Further Readings

Ning Jia, Xuan Tian, Fei Meng (2018), "Jiuding Capital: Private Equity Firm with Chinese Characteristics (B) Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.